旅遊住宿在哪有差嗎?國際連鎖飯店在新疆成為迫害人權的一環

撰文:實習生 Emma Brignall(白易潔)
校正:游詩庭

根據「維吾爾人權計畫(UHRP)」最近發布的報告“It Does Matter Where You Stay: International Hotel Chains in East Turkistan”,國際連鎖飯店在中國新疆自治區的經營正在違反人權與從事強迫勞動。列出的飯店包括雅高(Accor)、希爾頓(Hilton)、洲際(IHG)、萬豪(Marriott)與溫德姆(Wyndham) (Irwin et al., 2025)。報告呼籲這些連鎖飯店馬上在這個地區停止營運。

新疆的旅遊業存在很多問題。第一,這類經營行為使得迫害與種族滅絕被視為常態,並從打壓宗教信仰自由中獲取利益。第二,這些飯店從強迫勞動計畫還有與國營企業的合夥中獲利。第三,一些飯店進行政治宣傳,抹去維吾爾族的身分並以中國政府的定義取代。

現在這個地區已經有115間飯店,另有至少 74 間飯店正在興建中 (Irwin et al., 2025)。一個特別有爭議性的案子是希爾頓在一座被拆毀的清真寺原址興建新飯店 (Yan, 2021)。據專家表示,最近幾年多達16000個清真寺損壞或被破壞了 (Ruser et al., 2020)。希爾頓飯店的行為不但抹除維吾爾的歷史和文化,也抹除失去它的痛苦。不僅對新疆的人權迫害保持沈默,甚至持續支持當地觀光產業,意味著這些飯店參與侵權行為。種族滅絕的時候他們也被允許普通生活繼續,他們透過支持中國政府的敘事框架,並從文化破壞中獲利 (Irwin et al., 2025)。

這些連鎖飯店參與的計畫和合夥也將他們連接到侵犯人權,特別是強迫勞動。中國政府在新疆實行了勞動力轉移計畫與扶貧計畫,專家認為這些計畫幾乎肯定是強迫勞動計畫的一部分 (Irwin et al., 2025)。其中「對口援疆」(Aid to Xinjiang)亦被專家認定為強迫勞動的一環 (Human Trafficking, 2021)。一家公司華住集團使用了「對口援疆」,華住集團也是雅高的策略夥伴 (李, 2025)。 雅高也參與了「百名工程」,另一個涉及強迫勞動的項目 (Irwin et al., 2025)。「新疆生產建設兵團(XPCC)」監督新疆裡的一些地區。該組織因參與強迫勞動相關行動,已遭多國制裁,可是希爾頓、洲際與溫德姆都在這個組織監督的地區裡建成了飯店 (UK Sanctions Perpetrators of Gross Human Rights Violations in Xinjiang, Alongside EU, Canada and US, 2021;Irwin et al., 2025)。若個人拒絕參與上述勞動計畫,將可能被認定為宗教極端主義者,甚至面臨拘留或監禁 (Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang, 2020; 迟, 2014)。

除了透過在這個地區裡建成飯店的同謀以外,有些飯店主動地傳播政府關於維吾爾的身分所發布的敘述,進一步加劇維吾爾文化的邊緣化與消亡 (Irwin et al., 2025)。希爾頓傳播的政治宣傳包括召開記者會,推動一個活動,主題是「这里是新疆」,可是活動所有的資訊其實都是用普通話講的(这里是新疆’大型原创歌曲演唱会新闻发布会在乌鲁木齐举办 [‘This Is Xinjiang’ Large-Scale Original Song Concert Press Conference Held in ÜRümchi], 新疆好地方 [Xinjiang Is a Good Place], 2023; Irwin et al., 2025)。有些飯店也會向客人推薦旅遊景點,譬如新疆維吾爾自治區博物館,這個博物館也把維吾爾的歷史和文化邊緣化、替換成中國政府的敘述 (Irwin et al., 2025)。這些飯店在文化、歷史、語言與宗教的消亡過程中,扮演了加害者的角色。

除飯店業者外,第三方訂房平台同樣難辭其咎。這些平台從飯店上架獲利,也不會警告觀光客有哪些侵犯人權,進一步助長新疆旅遊業的不當發展。第三方飯店預訂平台有Booking.com、Priceline、Agoda、Kayak、Expedia.com、Hotels.com、Orbitz、Travelocity、Trivago與TripAdvisor (Irwin et al., 2025)。

有些飯店可能違反他們遵守的國際合約,甚至他們自己的公司聲明 (Irwin et al., 2025)。根據報告,“連鎖飯店必須遵守聯合國工商企業與人權指導原則(UNGPs),概述尊重人權的公司責任,包括透過生意經營避免造成、貢獻或直接連接到侵犯人權的責任” (Irwin et al., 2025)。另外,所有的飯店也未能解釋他們如何不會從經營的地區的侵犯人權中獲利 (Irwin et al., 2025)。

這個報告提出了一些建議。與UNGPs保持一致,如果這些飯店不能防止當地的人權侵犯,飯店就應該退出 (聯合國工商企業與人權指導原則, n.d.)。因此,所有在新疆的連鎖飯店都應該停止營運、停止支持強迫勞動、停止允許政府從這些侵犯人權中獲益。飯店應主動與維吾爾人權團體合作,共同推動問責與補償機制、努力減輕傷害與提升權利。

根據報告的結論,台權會認為所有的觀光客出遊前應審慎思考旅遊行為可能對當地人權情勢造成的影響,確保去旅遊不會支持強迫勞動。請權衡休閒娛樂的利益與當地人的生活條件。另外,若是發現政府支持利用強迫勞動的公司,或是發現所購商品涉及強迫勞動的話,應即時提出檢舉並要求企業改善供應鏈管理,為強迫勞動者發聲。
 

--參考資料--
聯合國工商企業與人權指導原則. (n.d.). 人權公約施行監督聯盟. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://covenantswatch.org.tw/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/UNGPs-%E7%B9%81...
迟, 开. (2014, December 24). 新疆局地组织民众识别75种宗教极端活动 [Local authorities in Xinjiang organize people to identify 75 types of religious extremist activities]. Sina. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://news.sina.cn/gn/2014-12-24/detail-iavxeafr9272579.d.html?from=wap
李, 彥. (2025, April 18). 人權組織控國際飯店持續進駐新疆涉助長中國強迫維族勞動計畫| 公視新聞網PNN. 公視新聞網. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from https://news.pts.org.tw/article/747232#disanfangpingtaizaokong-jiezhichi...
AccorHotels. (n.d.). United Nations Global Compact. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/125
Conventions, Protocols and Recommendations. (n.d.). International Labour Organization. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.ilo.org/international-labour-standards/conventions-protocols...
Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang. (2020, September 17). The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/202009/17/content_WS5f62ce...
Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework. (2011). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Guiding...
Human Rights Policy. (n.d.). Accor. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://group.accor.com/-/media/Corporate/Group/PDF-for-pages/Human-Righ...
Human Rights Principles. (n.d.). Hilton. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://ir.hilton.com/~/media/Files/H/Hilton-Worldwide-IR-V3/committee-c...
Human Trafficking. (2021). Congressional-Executive Commission on China 2021 Annual Report. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.cecc.gov/sites/evo-subsites/cecc.house.gov/files/documents/2...
IHG Human Rights Policy. (2023). InterContinental Hotels Group. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.ihgplc.com/~/media/Files/I/Ihg-Plc/responsible-business/poli...
InterContinental Hotels Group. (n.d.). United Nations Global Compact. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/5352
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (n.d.). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/internationa...
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (n.d.). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/internationa...
Irwin, P., Szadziewski, H., & Carrdus, B. (2025, April 15). It Does Matter Where You Stay: International Hotel Chains in East Turkistan. Uyghur Human Rights Project. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from https://uhrp.org/report/it-does-matter-where-you-stay-international-hote...
Marriott International Inc. Human Rights Policy Statement. (2017, July). Marriott International. https://www.marriott.com/marriottassets/Multimedia/PDF/Corporate/HumanRi...
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct. (2023, June 8). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-guidelines-for-multinational-e...
Ruser, N., Leibold, J., Munro, K., & Hoja, T. (2020, September 24). Cultural Erasure: Tracing the Destruction of Uyghur and Islamic Spaces in Xinjiang. ASPI International Cyber Policy Centre. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.aspi.org.au/report/cultural-erasure/
这里是新疆’大型原创歌曲演唱会新闻发布会在乌鲁木齐举办 [‘This is Xinjiang’ large-scale original song concert press conference held in Ürümchi], 新疆好地方 [Xinjiang is a Good Place]. (2023, July 26). Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://archive.ph/QhzcT.
UK sanctions perpetrators of gross human rights violations in Xinjiang, alongside EU, Canada and US. (2021, March 22). GOV.UK. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-perpetrators-of-gross-hu...
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (n.d.). United Nations. Retrieved June 24, 2025, from https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
Yan, S. (2021, June 12). Hilton hotel to be built in Xinjiang after China bulldozes mosque. The Telegraph. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/06/12/hilton-hotel-built-xinjiang-...

 

延伸閱讀