國際人權聯盟 (FIDH) 、中國人權 (HRIC) 、國際聲援西藏運動 (ICT) 、台灣人權促進會 (TAHR) 和 北韓人權情報中心今天在瑞士日內瓦採納中國普遍定期審議（UPR）結果後表示，中國政府利用聯合國（UN）主導的人權記錄審查，對國際社會關於嚴重侵權行為的關切進行回擊，發表全面否認，並發表明顯虛假的聲明。
巴黎日內瓦，2024年7月4日。中國政府接受了428項建議中的298項（70%）該國在2024年1月23日第四次UPR中從聯合國成員國獲得的建議。與2018年上一次UPR相比，政府接受建議的比例下降了12%。
在令人擔憂的跡象中，該國政府完全拒絕聽取國際社會對關鍵人權問題日益關注的呼聲，在未接受的130項建議中，有破紀錄的98項被列為「拒絕」，32項被列為「已收到」。
儘管有充分的證據否定其說法，該國政府仍聲稱接受的許多建議正在實施或已經實施。這些接受的建議涉及香港、西藏和新疆的人權問題以及人權捍衛者、律師、公民社會、媒體和記者的情況。政府還虛假聲稱其保護「言論、結社和集會自由」以及「所有公民的合法權利平等」。
國際人權聯盟、中國人權、國際聲援西藏運動、台灣人權促進會和北韓人權情報中心共同呼籲中國政府回頭是岸，利用第四次UPR來立即解決眾多聯合國成員國所提出的關切，並根據其在國際人權法下的義務，實施所有符合這些義務的建議。
以下是對政府對選定人權問題的建議回應的分析。
香港、西藏和新疆的人權狀況
政府在香港、西藏和新疆的人權問題上共收到57項建議，僅接受了其中19項（33%）。關於香港問題，拒絕的建議主要涉及國家安全法及其負面影響。拒絕的有關新疆維吾爾人狀況的建議則包括呼籲實施2022年聯合國人權事務高級專員辦公室（OHCHR）對新疆的評估，而目前該評估被中國政府稱為「非法的」。中國拒絕了70%前所未有的有關西藏的具體建議，尤其是呼籲終止西藏兒童寄宿學校制度的建議，儘管有許多包括聯合國專家在內提出的報告證實，中國政府依然聲稱這些建議係基於「虛假信息」。其他有關尊重西藏文化和宗教權利的建議被該國列為「接受並已實施」，這是一種對當地現實情形的明顯誤導。中國政府收到的許多關於西藏狀況的建議，與國際人權聯盟和國際聲援西藏運動針對中國第四次UPR所提交的聯合報告中的建議相呼應。
人權捍衛者、律師和公民社會
政府僅接受了25項有關人權捍衛者、律師和公民社會的建議中的10項。政府拒絕了呼籲中國政府停止騷擾和任意拘留人權捍衛者和律師以及停止對公民社會限制的建議。於中國人權提交的一份報告中提到，香港境內在使用網路上的權利與自由上，自新冠疫情以來，尤其是在香港國安法通過之後，已經大幅惡化。其中，主要為女性受影響，如他們在網路上受性別暴力的各項證據所示。
媒體和記者
政府拒絕了14項有關保護媒體和記者的建議中的10項，聲稱當局保護言論自由的權利。
死刑
政府拒絕了所有20項有關死刑的建議，聲稱死刑「應當保留，其應用應嚴格和謹慎地限制」，這與中國長期以來被認為是世界上執行死刑最多的國家的現實相矛盾。
難民和尋求庇護者
中國收到六項有關難民和尋求庇護者的建議。儘管接受了三項呼籲尊重不遣返原則的建議，但拒絕了兩項呼籲充分保護北韓難民並結束強制遣返的建議。中國政府以再次虛假聲稱朝鮮人「因經濟原因非法進入中國」而非難民來為這種不一致的立場辯護。在針對中國第四次UPR結果提交的聯合報告中，國際人權聯盟和北韓人權情報中心（NKDB）談到了中國政府對被強制遣返回國的北韓難民犯下的各種人權侵犯行為。
LGBTIQ+權利
政府僅接受了10項有關LGBTIQ+權利的建議中的一項。這些建議被列為「已收到」或「拒絕」而非「接受並已實施」，這與政府自身聲稱中國法律禁止任何形式的歧視相矛盾。中國在這次UPR所收到的建議亦與中國人權、中國彩虹觀察 (China Rainbow Association) 、中國拉拉協會 (Chinese Lala Association) 和中國變性人社區之聲 (Chinese Trans Voices) 共同提交給UPR的報告中提出的建議相呼應。
環境、氣候變化和境外義務
樂觀而言，該國政府接受了所有12項有關環境問題的建議，包括那些呼籲打擊環境污染/劣化、保護健康環境權、應對氣候變化、減少對化石燃料依賴以及推動能源轉型的建議。政府還接受了四項關於企業與人權的建議，這些建議涉及中國公司在海外的營運，包括那些呼籲尊重聯合國工商企業與人權指導原則（UNGPs）以及實施聯合國經濟、社會及文化權利委員會（ESCRs）對中國的建議。有些建議與國際人權聯盟及其四個成員組織在其為中國第四次UPR所提交的聯合報告中的建議一致。
翻譯：台灣人權促進會實習生 吳宇翔
China: Government manipulates human rights review
China’s government used the United Nations (UN)-backed review of its human rights record to rebuff international concern over serious abuses, issue blanket denials, and make blatantly false statements, the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) and the International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) said today after the adoption of the outcome of China’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) in Geneva, Switzerland.
Geneva, Paris, 4 July 2024. China’s government accepted - wholly or partially - 298 of the 428 (70%) recommendations the country received from UN member states during its fourth UPR on 23 January 2024. This represents a 12% drop in the proportion of recommendations the government accepted compared to the previous UPR in 2018.
In a worrying sign of the government’s outright refusal to heed the mounting international concern over key human rights issues, of the 130 recommendations Beijing did not accept, an unprecedented number - 98 - were categorized as “rejected,” and 32 were “noted.”
Despite well-documented evidence to the contrary, the government claimed that many of the recommendations it accepted were being implemented or had already been implemented. Such was the case regarding the accepted recommendations related to human rights in Hong Kong, Tibet, and Xinjiang, and the situation of human rights defenders, lawyers, civil society, media, and journalists. The government also made the false claim that it protected “freedom of speech, association and assembly” and “the lawful rights of all citizens as equals.”
FIDH urges China’s government to reverse course and use the fourth UPR to address the concerns voiced by numerous UN member states without delay by implementing all the recommendations that are consistent with its obligations under international human rights law.
Below is an analysis of the government’s response to the recommendations on selected human rights issues.
Human rights situation in Hong Kong, Tibet, and Xinjiang
The government received 57 recommendations on human right issues in Hong Kong, Tibet, and Xinjiang and accepted only 19 (33%) of them. With regard to Hong Kong, the rejected recommendations were overwhelmingly related to the National Security Law and its negative impacts. Rejected recommendations concerning the situation of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang included those that called for the implementation of the 2022 UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) assessment on Xinjiang which China’s government called “illegal.” China rejected 70% of the unprecedented number of Tibet-specific recommendations it received – notably the ones calling for an end of the boarding school system for Tibetan children – often claiming they were based on “false information” despite many verified reports, including by UN experts. Other recommendations concerning the respect of cultural and religious rights in Tibet were listed as “accepted and already implemented,” in a blunt misrepresentation of the reality on the ground . Many of the recommendations received by China’s government concerning the situation in Tibet echoed those contained in the joint submission made by FIDH and the International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) for China’s fourth UPR.
Human rights defenders, lawyers, and civil society
The government accepted only 10 of the 25 recommendations it received on human rights defenders, lawyers, and civil society. It rejected recommendations that called on China’s authorities to end the harassment and arbitrary detention of human rights defenders and lawyers and to cease the restrictions on civil society.
Media and journalists
The government rejected 10 of the 14 recommendations it received concerning the protection of media and journalists, claiming the authorities protect the right to freedom of speech.
Death penalty
The government rejected all 20 recommendations it received concerning the death penalty. It stated that the death penalty “should be retained with its application strictly and prudently limited” - a statement that clashes with the reality of a country that has consistently ranked as the world’s most prolific executioner.
Refugees and asylum seekers
China received six recommendations related to refugees and asylum seekers. While it accepted three recommendations that called for the respect of the principle of non-refoulement, it rejected two recommendations that called for the adequate protection of North Korean refugees and the end to their forced repatriation. China’s government justified this inconsistent position by reiterating its false claim that North Koreans “illegally enter China for economic reasons” and are not refugees. In a joint submission for China’s fourth UPR, FIDH and the Database Center for North Korean Human Rights (NKDB) addressed the various human rights violations committed by China’s authorities against North Korean refugees who had been forcibly returned to their country,
LGBTIQ+ rights
The government accepted only one of the 10 recommendations concerning LGBTIQ+ rights, including those that called for the enactment of legislation prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The fact that these recommendations were either “noted” or “rejected” rather than “accepted and already implemented” contradicts the government’s own claim that China’s laws prohibit any form of discrimination.
The environment, climate change, and extraterritorial obligations
On a more positive note, the government accepted all 12 recommendations related to environmental issues, including those thatcalled for combating environmental pollution/degradation, protecting the right to a healthy environment, addressing climate change, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and promoting energy transition. The government also accepted four recommendations on business and human rights in relation to the operations of China’s companies abroad, including those that called for the respect of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), and the implementation of the recommendations made to China by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ESCRs). Some of these recommendations were consistent with similar recommendations made by FIDH and four of its member organizations in their joint submission for China’s fourth UPR.
